TIME

Returns the decimal number for a particular time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date.
The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to 0.99999999, representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).
Syntax
TIME(hour,minute,second)
Hour    is a number from 0 (zero) to 32767 representing the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the remainder will be treated as the hour value. For example, TIME(27,0,0) = TIME(3,0,0) = .125 or 3:00 AM.
Minute    is a number from 0 to 32767 representing the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and minutes. For example, TIME(0,750,0) = TIME(12,30,0) = .520833 or 12:30 PM.
Second    is a number from 0 to 32767 representing the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours, minutes, and seconds. For example, TIME(0,0,2000) = TIME(0,33,22) = .023148 or 12:33:20 AM
Remark

DATE

Returns the sequential serial number that represents a particular date. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date.
Syntax
DATE(year,month,day)
Year    The year argument can be one to four digits. Microsoft Excel interprets the year argument according to the date system you are using. By default, Excel for Windows uses the 1900 date system; Excel for the Macintosh uses the 1904 date system.


For the 1900 date system

·         If year is between 0 (zero) and 1899 (inclusive), Excel adds that value to 1900 to calculate the year. For example, DATE(108,1,2) returns January 2, 2008 (1900+108).

PMT

Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
Syntax
PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
For a more complete description of the arguments in PMT, see the PV function.
Rate    is the interest rate for the loan.
Nper    is the total number of payments for the loan.
Pv    is the present value, or the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now; also known as the principal.
Fv    is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (zero), that is, the future value of a loan is 0.
Type    is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates when payments are due.

Set type equal to	If payments are due
0 or omitted	At the end of the period
1	At the beginning of the period

Remarks

• The payment returned by PMT includes principal and interest but no taxes, reserve payments, or fees sometimes associated with loans.
• Make sure that you are consistent about the units you use for specifying rate and nper. If you make monthly payments on a four-year loan at an annual interest rate of 12 percent, use 12%/12 for rate and 4*12 for nper. If you make annual payments on the same loan, use 12 percent for rate and 4 for nper. 

To find the total amount paid over the duration of the loan, multiply the returned PMT value by nper.

Example 1
The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

SUMIF

Adds the cells specified by a given criteria.
Syntax
SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
Range    is the range of cells you want evaluated.
Criteria    is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, or text that defines which cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples".
Sum_range    are the actual cells to sum.
Remarks

• The cells in sum_range are summed only if their corresponding cells in range match the criteria.
  
• If sum_range is omitted, the cells in range are summed.
  
• Microsoft Excel provides additional functions that can be used to analyze your data based on a condition. For example, to count the number of occurrences of a string of text or a number within a range of cells, use the COUNTIF function. To have a formula return one of two values based on a condition, such as a sales bonus based on a specified sales amount, use the IF function.
  

SIN

Returns the sine of the given angle.
Syntax
SIN(number)
Number    is the angle in radians for which you want the sine.
Remark
If your argument is in degrees, multiply it by PI()/180 or use the RADIANS function to convert it to radians.
Example
The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

	A	B
1	Formula	Description (Result)
2	=SIN(PI())	Sine of pi radians (0, approximately)
3	=SIN(PI()/2)	Sine of pi/2 radians (1)
4	=SIN(30*PI()/180)	Sine of 30 degrees (0.5)
5	=SIN(RADIANS(30))	Sine of 30 degrees (0.5)

MAX

Returns the largest value in a set of values.
Syntax
MAX(number1,number2,...)
Number1, number2, ...    are 1 to 30 numbers for which you want to find the maximum value.
Remarks

• You can specify arguments that are numbers, empty cells, logical values, or text representations of numbers. Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers cause errors.
• If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are used. Empty cells, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored. If logical values and text must not be ignored, use MAXA instead.
• If the arguments contain no numbers, MAX returns 0 (zero).

Example
The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.

	A
1	Data
2	10
3	7
4	9
5	27
6	2

Formula	Description (Result)
=MAX(A2:A6)	Largest of the numbers above (27)
=MAX(A2:A6, 30)	Largest of the numbers above and 30 (30)

COUNT

Counts the number of cells that contain numbers and also numbers within the list of arguments. Use COUNT to get the number of entries in a number field that's in a range or array of numbers.
Syntax
COUNT(value1,value2,...)
Value1, value2, ...    are 1 to 30 arguments that can contain or refer to a variety of different types of data, but only numbers are counted.
Remarks

• Arguments that are numbers, dates, or text representations of numbers are counted; arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers are ignored.
• If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored. If you need to count logical values, text, or error values, use the COUNTA function.

HYPERLINK

Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network server, an intranet, or the Internet. When you click the cell that contains the HYPERLINK function, Microsoft Excel opens the file stored at link_location.

Syntax
HYPERLINK(link_location,friendly_name)

Link_location is the path and file name to the document to be opened as text. Link_location can refer to a place in a document— such as a specific cell or named range in an Excel worksheet or workbook, or to a bookmark in a Microsoft Word document. The path can be to a file stored on a hard disk drive, or the path can be a universal naming convention (UNC) path on a server (in Microsoft Excel for Windows) or a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) path on the Internet or an intranet.

· Link_location can be a text string enclosed in quotation marks or a cell that contains the link as a text string.

· If the jump specified in link_location does not exist or cannot be navigated, an error appears when you click the cell.

Friendly_name is the jump text or numeric value that is displayed in the cell. Friendly_name is displayed in blue and is underlined. If friendly_name is omitted, the cell displays the link_location as the jump text.

· Friendly_name can be a value, a text string, a name, or a cell that contains the jump text or value.

· If friendly_name returns an error value (for example, #VALUE!), the cell displays the error instead of the jump text.

Remark
To select a cell that has a hyperlink in it without jumping to the hyperlink destination, click the cell and hold the mouse button until the cursor becomes a cross (+), then release the mouse button.
Examples
The following example opens a worksheet named Budget Report.xls that is stored on the Internet at the location named example.microsoft.com/report and displays the text "Click for report":
=HYPERLINK("http://example.microsoft.com/report/budget report.xls", "Click for report")

IF

Returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.
Use IF to conduct conditional tests on values and formulas.
Syntax
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
Logical_test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. For example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE. This argument can use any comparison calculation operator.
Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE. For example, if this argument is the text string "Within budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE, then the IF function displays the text "Within budget". If logical_test is TRUE and value_if_true is blank, this argument returns 0 (zero). To display the word TRUE, use the logical value TRUE for this argument. Value_if_true can be another formula.
Value_if_false is the value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE. For example, if this argument is the text string "Over budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to FALSE, then the IF function displays the text "Over budget". If logical_test is FALSE and value_if_false is omitted, (that is, after value_if_true, there is no comma), then the logical value FALSE is returned. If logical_test is FALSE and value_if_false is blank (that is, after value_if_true, there is a comma followed by the closing parenthesis), then the value 0 (zero) is returned. Value_if_false can be another formula.
Remarks

• Up to seven IF functions can be nested as value_if_true and value_if_false arguments to construct more elaborate tests. See the last of the following examples.


• When the value_if_true and value_if_false arguments are evaluated, IF returns the value returned by those statements.


• If any of the arguments to IF are arrays, every element of the array is evaluated when the IF statement is carried out.


• Microsoft Excel provides additional functions that can be used to analyze your data based on a condition. For example, to count the number of occurrences of a string of text or a number within a range of cells, use the COUNTIF worksheet function. To calculate a sum based on a string of text or a number within a range, use the SUMIF worksheet function. Learn about calculating a value based on a condition.

Example 1

AVERAGE

AVERAGE

Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments.
Syntax
AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)
Number1, number2, ...    are 1 to 30 numeric arguments for which you want the average.
Remarks

• The arguments must either be numbers or be names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.


• If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are ignored; however, cells with the value zero are included.

Tip

When averaging cells, keep in mind the difference between empty cells and those containing the value zero, especially if you have cleared the Zero values check box on the View tab (Options command, Tools menu). Empty cells are not counted, but zero values are.

SUM

SUM

Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.
Syntax
SUM(number1,number2, ...)
Number1, number2, ...    are 1 to 30 arguments for which you want the total value or sum.
Remarks

• Numbers, logical values, and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of arguments are counted. See the first and second examples following.


• If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored. See the third example following.


• Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers cause errors.

Example